July 14, 1790: These days France is changing quite fast. The air is thick with the impending revolution. Most of the people are knowingly or unknowingly drawn towards the vertex of revolution. But I am trying hard to not to be associated with anybody. It is tough thing to do. But I am trying hard and I am sure that I will be successful in it. Many of my friends are saying that I should show my solidarity towards the king , but I am not getting attached to any of the factions. However, I am not bothered with anybody, as long as I know that my conviction is clear. Moreover I am a young girl and not a warrior. So, I am not bothered if people call me a coward.
Today, something happened, which I will never forget in my whole life. When I came out of my house to visit Giselle’s parlor, I saw people standing in groups and talking in hushed tone. There I saw Monsieur Alexandre Fitzory, talking to a group of people at a corner of the market place. I am one of his biggest fans. He is not very famous. But his music is divine and I just adore it.
I understood that today something is going to happen. However, during afternoon, I saw something unbelievable. When I came out of Hôtel de Crillon, I saw thousands of people were marching towards Bastille. My wagon was also caught in the melee. I reached Bastille along with the crowd. Whatever happened there was pathetic. I am not in any way supporter of LouisXVI, but today whatever happened at the Bastille, was totally inhuman as the guards mostly old and not very good in fighting were totally outnumbered in front of the rebels. When they panicked and started firing, people went berserk and stormed the fort and looted whatever was inside the fort. I just can’t believe that Monsieur Alexandre Fitzory was also leading a group of people who were lynching the guards. You can’t trust anybody these days.
The whole scenario was pathetic. The guards were requesting to the crowd to spare them. But the crowd was defiant for killing them. Even the commander of Bastille De Launay was abused and dragged towards Hôtel de Ville. When he pleased ,”Kill me”, He was stabbed and his head was axed and fitted on a pike to be carried through the streets, August 10, 1789: Today was a very hectic day. Though, I am young and strong, yet today something happened, which I have never seen in my life before. I have been a Jacobin for almost a year and I have seen violence. But today what happened at Tuileries Palace was a massacre.I was at the shop when I heard that Louis XVI is going to be guillotined. I told Chirac, one of the apprentices at my shop to run and give the message to my fiancé that I would not be able to come today to pick her up. I closed the shop early and went to the square to see the beheading of Louis XVI. When I saw it, it was short, swift and gory. People danced in joy to see the head of the ex-king of France. Again strangely I could not enjoy it. Maybe my noble blood is the reason behind it. I met one of the fellow Jacobins after a long time. His name is Jacques D Bosc. He is quite active with the movement. In fact he is an active member of Sans-Culottes. He has a large following in Paris as he leads a large faction of Sans-Culotttes.My fiancé is annoyed at me as now-a-days. I am devoting less time towards her and more time towards my political work. Today, I had an heated argument with Jacques about The Committee of Public Safety. I told him that there are too much executions are going on, which should be stopped and a more benevolent approach should be expected. But he said, no, it should not be the case. These traitors should be dealt sternly. Ultimately, our argument ended when I reached at my place an he left for his quarters.It is good that today Jacques Roux and Jacques Hébert took over the Convention and called for some administrative and political purges. The best part is that now there is a low fixed price for bread. So now poor people can now at least have bread for sustenance. Now w e have a constitution Like America. The Convention today adopted the first republican constitution of France. The Uniqueness of this constitution is that it has called for universal male suffrage.
saw another gory incident; the beheading of Marie Antoinette. An era ended. Let’s hope for a better future of France. June 25, 1788: Today, for the first time, I saw Claudia De Bosc, when she was entering from the gates of our mansion of Faubourg Saint-Honoré district, which is near Champs-Élysées.I came late from the party at Hotel de ville. It was noon and I was soaking the summer sun by standing at the balcony. I was feeling a bit queasy due to the food and wine of the last night’s party.
Claudia was wearing simple peasant woman clothes. The stitching and design were coarse, but they were not tattered and torn the way usually peasant women wear. I looked at her when she was walking towards the house; I got mesmerized by the way she walked. She had elegance and class. I enquired about her and came to know that she was taking care of one of the patches of our vast land holding and she came to give the rent to father.
for the first time I talked to Claudia De Bosc. Amazingly, she seemed quite friendly and relaxed. We talked on general things. She talked about her work and I told her about my friends and parties.
I must confess here that she is my first friend who belongs to the third estate. I never thought a peasant girl should be so intelligent.
we had a heated argument. Frankly speaking I was a bit scared of her today. She talked of going to Versailles and taking part in some kind of meeting for a new land tax. She was very angry at the King and when I said that they are not like that and I personally know the queen and she is a very sweet lady. On that she became furious at me and said, “You all are same. Whatever I earn, your father too takes away as rent. You don’t know how people live out there. They don’t even have bread to eat.” On that when I said,”If they don’t have any bread, then they can buy some flour and make fresh bread.” She just laughed and left.
I have been here at Versailles with my mother for last ten days. Father is here for last two months. He was taking part in the meeting. But now the situation here is not good. Poor have already started their rebellion on June 20 when they said that they will write a new constitution. Father seems a bit worried now-a-days. He says that now the situation in France is not good. The rich people are in danger. He is even planning to take us to another country, maybe America. I am very scared. I can’t even ride a horse properly.
Name: Serene Laurant
Age: 17
Gender: Female
Occupation: Doesn’t do anything for livelihood
Social Class: Second Estate
Financial situation: though financially dependent, yet there are no financial worries
Appearance: Beautiful, tall and slender, very fashion conscious and always remains prim and proper
Location (Map of France, Map of Paris Must be in the Paris region): Born at Lyon, but now she gets bored there and be more comfortable in fashionable balls thrown by upper class of Paris; has been staying in Paris for some time; stays at her father’s mansion at the Faubourg Saint-Honoré district that surrounds the Champs-Élysées.
Habitual locations (where are you found most of the time?): Usually found at Hôtel de Crillon with her friends; enjoying numerous balls and music lessons, which she takes at the hotel along with Marie Antoinette.
Daily routine (typical day for you): Gets up late, usually around noon; has a lavish breakfast of milk, cakes, eggs, bacon, sausages and fruit juice. After the breakfast, changes into the most modern dress stitched by the most sought after seamstresses of Paris.
Personality/Quirks/Unique Personality Traits: Cute, bubbly, always ready to make friends, fun-loving. Intelligent and to top of it, the uniqueness of the personality is that in spite of being in love with Paris, also loves countryside and loves to make landscapes and has a secret ambition of becoming a painter one day.
Past/individual-family history: Father is a wealthy noble from Lyon; has mansions at Lyon and Paris. He usually remains out of the house due to business affairs. Mother is a home maker and most of the time busy in her own social circle. Father is distant cousin of Louis XVI, that’s why she gets all the help from the kings and have many ships at his disposal.
Family: (spouse? siblings?): She has one elder brother and one younger sister. Elder brother helps the father in business. The younger sister is good in studies and she is very much interested to read books. Engaged to the son of a noble from Lucerne. Currently her future husband is studying art at University of Vienna.
Social relations with your own and other classes (people you deal with or know about in the class, AND your opinions and feelings about them): Very friendly and social within the same social class but doesn’t want to mix up with people belonging to lower class.
Religion: Catholic, but not very religious; goes to church with family; doesn’t go alone
Education: Educated at home; not much but knows how to read and write and sometimes love to read and write poetry.
Languages you speak: French
Main privileges and/or hardships: Doesn’t has any hardship but has privileged life of consuming the best of everything
Portrait: (find one online and paste it in)
1. On what philosophical assumptions are the Hongwu emperor’s words and actions based?
Zhu Yuanzhang, the Hongwu Emperor’s words were on the basis of the philosophy of authoritarianism. His rule was authoritarian and always used to warn people to behave, and to make them aware of the horrifying consequences if they disobeyed.
2. Do you think that his actions will solve the problems he refers to? Why or why not?
Hongwu’s words were based on the principle and philosophy of Confucianism. Although Zhu Yuanzhang did not practice the philosophy of Confucianism in his life, yet he certainly preached its philosophy.
1. Does the emperor’s approach to solving the problem of evil behavior in this excerpt differ from that in the first? If so, how?
Yes, his action certainly solved the problems for some time. However, too much control made Zhu Yuanzhang notorious among his people.
On what philosophical assumptions are Hongwu’s words here based? Think Chinese philosophy.
Hongwu’s words were based on the principle and philosophy of Confucianism. Although Zhu Yuanzhang did not practice the philosophy of Confucianism in his life, yet he certainly preached its philosophy.
As an official, what would be your reaction to the emperor’s admonitions?
As an official of Emperor, I certainly did not like the emperor’s repeated admonitions. Strict administration is good, but headmaster like approach to the subjects is not good.
4. The emperor clearly holds himself up as a model of self-restraint for his officials to emulate. As an official, how would you take this?
I would have hated the king on this. As an official, I would have hated his admonitions when he himself had a number of concubines and consorts and fathered twenty-six sons and sixteen daughters.
5. Would your reaction be changed if you suddenly learned that the Hongwu emperor had dozens of concubines and consorts, with whom he fathered twenty-six sons and sixteen daughters?
My reaction would have changed certainly. This is the classic case of hypocrisy as he admonished his officials and subjects for the upliftment of character. But he himself had a number of consorts, which is certainly not pardonable.
What route might they have all taken? Describe it..
Coastal area of the North Sea -> English Channel -> sail by Portuguese coast -> sail by the coast of Africa, pass the cape of hope, head to Indian Ocean, reach Bay of Bengal, heard to the Strait of Malacca, to the north and get to china.
Sail to south once the ship reach the Mediterranean Sea, change direction to west, and arrive to the Atlantic coast of Kingdom of Empire
Doge of Venice: sail to italy's east coast and follows Byzantium’s way.
King of England: He would pass through the English channel, and follow Holy Roman Emperor’s way.
King of France: Sail to the south, follows the coast of the kingdom of Aragon till reach kingdom of Granada and then follow Byzantium’s way
King of Castille: After passing Kingdom of Granada, follow King of Castille’s way
King of Portugal: same as King of Castile.
Look carefully at the Yuan and Ming Dynasties and make some generalizations about China under those dynasties. Size? Change from previous dynasties? From your reading, make any observations you can about the two time periods.
SO, using your math skills, refer to the following map and figure out how big that new capital would be. Population of the new capital would be 2500000 and its area would be 37,500 sq. km The Forbidden City is now the Palace Museum, and is located at the centre of the map below: Can you find the old city in the modern city? Where is it? What is there now?
The old city is within the three ring roads inside the modern city.
Create a chart with the following important information needed so we can keep track of everyone in the race
• Explorer's full name and country sponsoring the exploration
• Dates of voyage(s)
• Size of fleet
• And most importantly a summary of their (AND YOUR) discoveries/achievements and/or results of each journey. (I should see both positive AND negative results of their voyages!)
Despite the fact that the three Muslim Empires of the 14th century to the 16th century made significant contributions to the rest of the world, they could not dominate world affairs during this time because of the lack of leadership, absence of humanism, and internal conflicts within the Empires. . The period between 1300s to the 1700s, was considered as the Golden age for all the three Muslim Empires, the Ottoman Empire(current day Turkey), the Safavid Empire (current day Iran), and the Mughal Empire (current day India).All the three Muslim empires promoted art , but failed to flourish in the world . Lack of leadership was the main reason as Akbar’s successors failed to contribute to the empire. Jahangir left his wife to rule the country , while Shahjahan wasted the tax money in building tomb for his wife. Absebce of humanism was another reason for the fall of empire as they failed to treat other religious people fairly. They strongly believed in their religion and refused any new innovative thoughts. Another reason is internal conflict with in the empire, as both Suleiman and Shah Abbas, irrepctive of their achievement failed to flourish their kingdom, because of greed. Both the leaders of the Muslim empires made great achievements as a ruler, but they killed their brilliant heir fearing for their own down fall. Even Aurangzeb, did not give much liberty to the Hindus and gained hatred of them. Fratricide is another reason for the decline of the empire as the ruler failed to concentrate on empire duties, by leaving the whole power on his wife. This also lead to decline of empire. Not only that, they could not able to maintain order in their own kingdom because of conflict within like failure to give equal rights to the other religious people. They strictly followed the Islamic culture and failed to accept other religion. The Muslim Leaders did not leave great successors to continue on with the empires. Also, by limiting the religious beliefs of the people, the Empire gained less credit. Chaos within the government grew and the Muslim Empire ended without being able to spread their greatness.
Paragraph Writing: Using TEEEL Structure
Topic Sentence
This is the main idea that you want to make about the topic. It should state in one sentence what your paragraph is going to be about. E.g. While the Muslim empires of the 14th-16th centuries had significant impacts on the world, they never came to dominate as Europe will because... (remember "rule of 3")
Elaboration
Write one or two sentences explaining your topic sentence. E.g. location? time period?
Examples/Evidence
Explain specific evidence/examples for your 3 choices in your topic sentence.
Explanation/analysis
This is a crucial part of the paragraph which requires some thought. Here, you need to explain how the evidence/examples you provided support your main idea in the topic sentence. WHY did you choose these reasons over others? Give specific reasons AND how they explain the failure of the Muslim empires to achieve world dominance at that time.. E.g. Clearly the administrative methods used by some of the leaders of the Muslim Empires hurt their ability to rise to world dominance because...This should be about 4 sentences in length.
Link Sentence
This sentence summarizes your paragraph and links back to the main idea in the topic sentence. When writing an essay, the role of the this sentence is to link paragraph back to your thesis.
I believe that there should be a limit to our access of information so that the functioning of the government or even the society could run smoothly and not derailed due to unnecessary and dangerous information. Information is good in general helping us to know more but there should be limits to the same. For example, the terrorists are planning sabotage and the government has found that out and it is taking measures to destroy the plan and protect its citizens. Meanwhile, if the news of the terrorists’ plan is released to the public, it will instill fear and panic among the people which will lead to unrest and turmoil. Hence it is necessary for the access to information be limited. In addition, it is also important for the government to take all the crucial steps in protecting a country and if all the information about their activities are informed to the public, it is playing into hands of the enemies. There are certain things which should not be revealed to the public and therefore, there should be limits to access of information without a doubt.Moreover, information acquired freely may lead to misinformation questioning its credibility. More often than not, it leads to unfounded and baseless fear generated in the minds of the reader, pranks with no intent except to create panic.For instance, a false alarm or threat about a disaster, attack, etc may create unnecessary panic worldwide given the access to unlimited information. Not very long in the past, a widespread ‘prediction’ about the world coming to an end on a particular day, drove thousands of people searching for a cover; many started building underground bunkers and many more ran to the top of mountains to escape annihilation by yet another flood.
However, nothing happened; it just satisfied the warped up imagination of some prankster.The most dangerous part of unlimited information however, would be the threat to national and individual privacy. Of late, wikileaks is making great rounds, causing tension and headache to almost every political and banking system throughout the world. It has exposed some very secret dealings between governments, the range of political manipulation and corruption, and also the hypocrisy of many governments. The information may be true, but what it does is to destabilize and rattle international relationship between countries. On the private level of course, an individual’s right to privacy is violated; sometimes leading to tragedies that could well have been avoided. A classic example would be the untimely death of princess Diana, who was chased by the media to her death.
xParagraph Writing: Using TEEEL Structure
Topic Sentence
There should be a limit to our access to information, without limits
Elaboration
Write one or two sentences explaining your topic sentence. E.g. What was the Renaissance? What was happening in Europe?
Examples/Evidence
Provide at least two pieces of specific evidence that support your topic sentence. This is a good place to discuss key people and events that contributed to the Renaissance.This should be 2-3 sentences in length.
Explanation/analysis
This is a crucial part of the paragraph which requires some thought. Here, you need to explain how the evidence/examples you provided support your main idea in the topic sentence. This should be 2-4 sentences in length.
Link Sentence
This sentence summarizes your paragraph and links back to the main idea in the topic sentence. When writing an essay, the role of the this sentence is to link the paragraph back to your thesis.
Q:How did the Ottomans treat non-Muslims? A:Ottomans rule was easy and they used to treat non-Muslims well except that non-Muslims had to pay taxes. However, they did not have to serve in the army. Q:What were Suleyman's major accomplishments? A: Under Suleyman’s rule, Ottoman Empire became the greatest in size. Suleyman ruled through a higjhlys structured government. Q: Despite their brilliant rule, what critical mistake did Suleiman and Shah Abbas make? A: Suleiman and Shah Abbas both killed or injured their sons for the fear of any kind of revolt. The result was the rule under weaker grandsons that ultimately led to the decline of Ottoman empire. Q: What evidence of cultural blending can you find in Akbar's rule? A: Akbar had Hindu wives and government servants. He allowed them to practice religion of their choice and did not force them to embrace Islam. Besides that, he abolished the tax that Hindus had to pay and introduced tax based on the agriculture produce. Q: How did Akbar's successors contribute to the end of the Mughal Empire? A: His successors were not like him. His son, Jahangir was in control of his wife. Jahangir’s grandson Aurangzeb suppressed Hindus resulting to widespread revolts.
The dark ages started with the culmination of Roman Empire by sixth century. It continued for almost a millennium and ended by the rise of Renaissance in 14th century. The dark ages saw difficult feudal structure where nobles exploited the peasants and peasants toiled from sunrise till sunset for a patch of land but they used to live in penury. This coupled with the invasion of barbaric races and spread of epidemics like plague made the social and economic condition miserable. However Renaissance gave the much needed boost to Europe as the advent of printing press and advancement in science and technology made Europeans ahead of the people belonging to other parts of the world. Moreover the colonialism by European powers and freedom of religion from the church created the much needed impetus to Europeans to stand ahead and be the leaders of the world.
Scientific Revolution Questions
1. What were the CAUSES of the Scientific Revolution? Which one do you think is MOST significant AND WHY?
The most important cause for scientific revolution at the initial stages would be the renaissance; the period when thinking, logic, and questioning of religion had an impact.The victorian reasoning led to challenging of many concepts and laid foundation to greater inventions. However, the electronic media would be what we can call the greatest scietific revolution of the 20th century.
2. Why might those in positions of authority at the time (Church and government) tend to reject new ideas?
The church has always averse to questioning, thinking, and challenges. This is mainly due to fear; the fear of being proved wrong and thus weakening the churches' hold on people. A good example would be the rejection of Galileo's theory that the world is round; the church wouldnt accept it. And. the theory of Darwin further unsettled the theory of creation . These are the reasons for the church to reject creative thinking. 3. Do you agree with Galileo's actions during his trial? Explain.
4. Make a list of the major figures of this revolution in thinking and what they did?
Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, and Halle
5. Explain the significance of these terms: Geocentric Theory -A Geocentric theory is an astronomical theory which describes the universe as a Geocentric system, i.e., a system which puts the Earth in the center of the universe, and describes other objects from the point of view of the Earth. Heliocentric Theory -The conclusion that the "Earth circles the Sun," was reached and publicized by Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, and Halley. This is the "heliocentric theory." Scientific Revolution -"Scientific Revolution" refers to historical changes in thought & belief, to changes in social & institutional organization, that unfolded in Europe between roughly 1550-1700. Scientific method -The scientific method is a series of steps scientists take to acquire, test, and describe the natural world.
Opening of the European Mind Renaissance is symbolic of a change in the minds of the European people in terms of culture, social, literary and political development. Ranging between the 14th and 17th centuries, Renaissance is looked upon as a bridge between the Middle Age and the Modern Era. This was the time of change in every field towards development.As opposed to the Middle Age belief that life was journey to suffer through, Renaissance instilled an attitude of ‘Live for Today’. Niccolo Machiavelli, considered the inventor of modern politics, for instance, emphasized on his theory about what made a strong ruler. In English literature we come across the name of Sir Francis Bacon for his famous ‘Esssay’, one of them being ‘The Advancement of Learning’. Among the playwrights Shakespeare dominated the stage where he showed the reflection of society. The books became cheaper and, therefore, more accessible for general public to read. Renaissance was a period of total change. People had the desire to think beyond the usual. Artists put their best foot forward. ‘Mona Lisa’ by Leonardo da Vinci is a master piece of Renaissance and world art. Protesters like Martin Luther and John Calvin came aggressively to bring about change in the mindset of commoners who until now were dominated by the Catholic Church. Social, political, economic, cultural and philosophical changes are , thus, the synonymous names of Renaissance.
Sept 21st
This is on the wrong page: should be in Asian Studies...I think.
The dominance of Europe over the world started with the advent of Renaissance in 14th century. The renaissance brought the resurgence of science, art, religion and politics. Religion became free from church and science and technology saw unprecedented growth. Due to this, printing press and the advanced naval fleet gave Europe the impetus to rule the world. The culmination was the spread of colonialism by the European powers.
Aug 30th Tuesday
1. Renaissance means the rebirth or the revival of art, literature, and cultural changes that affects both the lifestyle and the architecture of the period. Italy helped in creating Renaissance as primarily it began as a movement at the in intellectual level where the Humanists sought the re-birth of the classical culture. This movement started in Florence as it was the place which had the greatest wealth that is of education so artists went in large numbers to Florence to establish themselves. This was the period when Italy experienced the highest artistic activity as great artists like Sandro Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, and Michelangelo Buonorrotti settled in Italy with the help of the Medici family so it is also believed that the Medici family was the main influential people in the establishment of Renaissance in Italy.
2. The Medici family was the wealthiest family in Florence in the 15th century and at that time it was a status symbol to promote and commission art. The family used their wealth to compete in the promotion of art and gain the prestige in the society. They became the chief patrons in that era and influenced the cultural and social changes, which brought in the Renaissance and made Italy the birth place of the Renaissance period. The Uffizi Gallery situated in Florence is the proof to verify this fact that the Medici family not only used their wealth to gain more wealth but also utilized it to to exercise power and establish their influence on the whole society. It is said that the Medici family were the main patronage for Galileo.
3. Humanism was the basic influence behind the beginning of the Renaissance as it was the humanistic ideas that opposed the religious beliefs and lead to the revival or the rebirth of the new period. Humanism gave the freedom to the people to utilize their discretion and options in place of blindly following the religious bindings. This led to the veneration of the artists from the religious sphere to the other spheres of life and increased the territory of expressing their artistic insight into other fields. This change also encouraged them to accept agnosticism, deism, and atheism, which was not taken into consideration before the Renaissance period. The leading intellectual trait of the era was the recovery, to a certain degree, of the secular and humane philosophy of Greece and Rome. Another humanist trend which cannot be ignored was the rebirth of individualism, which was developed by Greece and Rome to a remarkable degree but had been suppressed by the rise of a caste system in the later Roman Empire, by the Church and by feudalism in the Middle Ages. Thus Humanism was the main influence in Renaissance.
4.During the Renaissance, the upper class and the church leaders intended to show of their wealth, therefore they patronized varied forms of art. On the other hand the artisans who are economically weak have had immense support on the same context. However, the communities were developed by the elite men and they wanted to beautify their society through arts. Hence, many artisans have emerged during the well established times of renaissance.
5. Men and women of upper-class were valued with their physical features during Renaissance. However, women is considered above men in terms of beauty, where are men for their judgement and supremacy. Women were largely denoted for their chastity, modesty, humility, constancy, and temperance. It is also deemed that the condition of women is almost opposite during renaissance when it is compared to men. Women were not free to enjoy the privileges of the society as citizens, but men were authoritative in constitutional matters.
The ideal person of the Renaissance must have the qualities individuality. The Courtier women usually lacked the creativity of men when working on art pieces. I thus think that the Renaissance seemed to favour men. This is evident in the document, The Courier, “...above all things avoiding ostentation and that impudent self-praise...” This emphasizes the avoidance of self praise and highlighted the individual.The Courtier goes on to list qualities of being gentle, modest, noble and classy as a reflection of their education and status in society.
Background of Korea and Holland at that tie. Namely, I would want to Know korea’s relationship was like with other nations
A
Dutch East Indies Company
R
Record of the Ships Journey
T
The lives of the crew that survived the shipwreck that lived in Korea at this time comments on life in Korea
S
An example of a subjective the history. Europe’s first exposure in a document to life in Korea at this time.
Aug 12th
1. In section 1, Heretical Beliefs, the historian gives his account of a historical event. What is happening to Hogsflesh? What is the historian's “story” or main point of the article?
The historical event mentioned was John Hogsflesh renouncing that Virgin Mary need not be honored as Christ was not born at Eucharist. With this Hogsflesh has to confront the priests animosity. Eventually, the church has decreed that Hogsflesh should carry faggot, all the time when processions at Chichester Cathedral happens, as a symbol of penance. The main point is Hogsflesh beliefs on heresay have been declined.
2. What are the roles of a historian defined by John Arnold? Do you agree or disagree with his assumptions? Can you think of any other roles?
John Arnold defines the roles of historians vest in compiling the data, events, and facts chronologically. Besides this they collect the sources that acclaim fidelity and which have lacuna that are incomplete or contradictory. I agree with his assumptions as historians mostly depend on evidences and sources that form a base to the future generations. Also, historians should examine the source's reliability and readability before confirming and referring them.
3. What is meant by “treat(ing) their sources with fidelity?” Remember to put your response in your own words. Why is it important to remember this when reading historical references?
Fidelity in general validating the sources or continuing loyalty to the source or belief with exactness. This is important while coupling the historical evidence since, the history that is evident should pass the test of accountability of the historians. Also, the history should be coupled with references that link of with chronological events.
4. How can a single event be interpreted in more than one way? Can you think of an event in your life that historians could interpret with differing points of view?
From the Heretical belief of Hogsflesh, historians have interpreted in three ways that relates to the refute of his belief on Virgin Mary. The first one being, religious transformation during Henry VIII, secondly the trails levied on controlling the religious system through penance, and the living standards of people during the early English age. An important event that historians could decipher the meaning in different views is marriage. Through which historians can connote the different ways to express how tradition and culture were emphasized during ceremonies.
5. Talk to a family member or friend about something that happened to you both a long time ago. Examine how you both remember the incident and write about it. With that in mind, when attaching meaning to history, is it possible for a historian to be completely objective? Use examples from the incident you just discussed to reinforce your response.
Historians need a good source to interpret the meaning of the foregone days. For example, if my mom and me went on shopping, the prices would surprise her and she exaggerate that the items were expensive though they were reasonable to the standards of the place and people. The historian can take the objective of price and how goods are rated during that particular time to record the changes that happens.
6. What problems may arise when historians practice subjective history? In what ways may subjective history be beneficial to the study of history? Think back to the incident you just discussed with your family member or friend. Why did it make sense for you to remember the event the way you did and for the other person to remember it the way he or she did? What does this tell us about history?
Historians practice subjective history as the line of argument should reinforce the available evidence and changes the time periods have gone through. This is beneficial as the reality would be highlighted compared to mere assumptions. The example that mentioned would be iterating in many instances and force the historians to make note if it was worthy. This reveals the mannerisms and social living of humans in pages of history.
7. Why is every historian "a storyteller?" If all historians are storytellers and there are myriad versions of every story, can we trust historians? Why or why not?
History brings into meaning of evolution and coherence in human existence with a series of events, facts and evidence. All these are presented through historians synthesis of information. Hence every historian is a storyteller. Every historian has sources,evidences and a myriad of story to tell.However, each historian assumptions are based on single fact that erupts from time facts. With this we can trust historians who see the drastic changes of society.
8. How did your view of history and historians change based on this reading? How will you approach history now that you have explored these views?
The view towards history and historians were comprehended intellectually through this article. The approach to history needs, a choice of histories, the subjective and objective nature of the instances and the line of arguments that form a strong bases are important. All this in a nut shell will impact the meaning and action of historians.
July 14, 1790: These days France is changing quite fast. The air is thick with the impending revolution. Most of the people are knowingly or unknowingly drawn towards the vertex of revolution. But I am trying hard to not to be associated with anybody. It is tough thing to do. But I am trying hard and I am sure that I will be successful in it. Many of my friends are saying that I should show my solidarity towards the king , but I am not getting attached to any of the factions. However, I am not bothered with anybody, as long as I know that my conviction is clear. Moreover I am a young girl and not a warrior. So, I am not bothered if people call me a coward.
Today, something happened, which I will never forget in my whole life. When I came out of my house to visit Giselle’s parlor, I saw people standing in groups and talking in hushed tone. There I saw Monsieur Alexandre Fitzory, talking to a group of people at a corner of the market place. I am one of his biggest fans. He is not very famous. But his music is divine and I just adore it.
I understood that today something is going to happen. However, during afternoon, I saw something unbelievable. When I came out of Hôtel de Crillon, I saw thousands of people were marching towards Bastille. My wagon was also caught in the melee. I reached Bastille along with the crowd. Whatever happened there was pathetic. I am not in any way supporter of LouisXVI, but today whatever happened at the Bastille, was totally inhuman as the guards mostly old and not very good in fighting were totally outnumbered in front of the rebels. When they panicked and started firing, people went berserk and stormed the fort and looted whatever was inside the fort. I just can’t believe that Monsieur Alexandre Fitzory was also leading a group of people who were lynching the guards. You can’t trust anybody these days.
The whole scenario was pathetic. The guards were requesting to the crowd to spare them. But the crowd was defiant for killing them. Even the commander of Bastille De Launay was abused and dragged towards Hôtel de Ville. When he pleased ,”Kill me”, He was stabbed and his head was axed and fitted on a pike to be carried through the streets,
August 10, 1789: Today was a very hectic day. Though, I am young and strong, yet today something happened, which I have never seen in my life before. I have been a Jacobin for almost a year and I have seen violence. But today what happened at Tuileries Palace was a massacre.I was at the shop when I heard that Louis XVI is going to be guillotined. I told Chirac, one of the apprentices at my shop to run and give the message to my fiancé that I would not be able to come today to pick her up. I closed the shop early and went to the square to see the beheading of Louis XVI. When I saw it, it was short, swift and gory. People danced in joy to see the head of the ex-king of France. Again strangely I could not enjoy it. Maybe my noble blood is the reason behind it. I met one of the fellow Jacobins after a long time. His name is Jacques D Bosc. He is quite active with the movement. In fact he is an active member of Sans-Culottes. He has a large following in Paris as he leads a large faction of Sans-Culotttes.My fiancé is annoyed at me as now-a-days. I am devoting less time towards her and more time towards my political work. Today, I had an heated argument with Jacques about The Committee of Public Safety. I told him that there are too much executions are going on, which should be stopped and a more benevolent approach should be expected. But he said, no, it should not be the case. These traitors should be dealt sternly. Ultimately, our argument ended when I reached at my place an he left for his quarters.It is good that today Jacques Roux and Jacques Hébert took over the Convention and called for some administrative and political purges. The best part is that now there is a low fixed price for bread. So now poor people can now at least have bread for sustenance. Now w e have a constitution Like America. The Convention today adopted the first republican constitution of France. The Uniqueness of this constitution is that it has called for universal male suffrage.
saw another gory incident; the beheading of Marie Antoinette. An era ended. Let’s hope for a better future of France.
June 25, 1788: Today, for the first time, I saw Claudia De Bosc, when she was entering from the gates of our mansion of Faubourg Saint-Honoré district, which is near Champs-Élysées.I came late from the party at Hotel de ville. It was noon and I was soaking the summer sun by standing at the balcony. I was feeling a bit queasy due to the food and wine of the last night’s party.
Claudia was wearing simple peasant woman clothes. The stitching and design were coarse, but they were not tattered and torn the way usually peasant women wear. I looked at her when she was walking towards the house; I got mesmerized by the way she walked. She had elegance and class. I enquired about her and came to know that she was taking care of one of the patches of our vast land holding and she came to give the rent to father.
for the first time I talked to Claudia De Bosc. Amazingly, she seemed quite friendly and relaxed. We talked on general things. She talked about her work and I told her about my friends and parties.
I must confess here that she is my first friend who belongs to the third estate. I never thought a peasant girl should be so intelligent.
we had a heated argument. Frankly speaking I was a bit scared of her today. She talked of going to Versailles and taking part in some kind of meeting for a new land tax. She was very angry at the King and when I said that they are not like that and I personally know the queen and she is a very sweet lady. On that she became furious at me and said, “You all are same. Whatever I earn, your father too takes away as rent. You don’t know how people live out there. They don’t even have bread to eat.” On that when I said,”If they don’t have any bread, then they can buy some flour and make fresh bread.” She just laughed and left.
I have been here at Versailles with my mother for last ten days. Father is here for last two months. He was taking part in the meeting. But now the situation here is not good. Poor have already started their rebellion on June 20 when they said that they will write a new constitution. Father seems a bit worried now-a-days. He says that now the situation in France is not good. The rich people are in danger. He is even planning to take us to another country, maybe America. I am very scared. I can’t even ride a horse properly.
Name: Serene Laurant
Age: 17
Gender: Female
Occupation: Doesn’t do anything for livelihood
Social Class: Second Estate
Financial situation: though financially dependent, yet there are no financial worries
Appearance: Beautiful, tall and slender, very fashion conscious and always remains prim and proper
Location (Map of France, Map of Paris Must be in the Paris region): Born at Lyon, but now she gets bored there and be more comfortable in fashionable balls thrown by upper class of Paris; has been staying in Paris for some time; stays at her father’s mansion at the Faubourg Saint-Honoré district that surrounds the Champs-Élysées.
Habitual locations (where are you found most of the time?): Usually found at Hôtel de Crillon with her friends; enjoying numerous balls and music lessons, which she takes at the hotel along with Marie Antoinette.
Daily routine (typical day for you): Gets up late, usually around noon; has a lavish breakfast of milk, cakes, eggs, bacon, sausages and fruit juice. After the breakfast, changes into the most modern dress stitched by the most sought after seamstresses of Paris.Personality/Quirks/Unique Personality Traits: Cute, bubbly, always ready to make friends, fun-loving. Intelligent and to top of it, the uniqueness of the personality is that in spite of being in love with Paris, also loves countryside and loves to make landscapes and has a secret ambition of becoming a painter one day.
Past/individual-family history: Father is a wealthy noble from Lyon; has mansions at Lyon and Paris. He usually remains out of the house due to business affairs. Mother is a home maker and most of the time busy in her own social circle. Father is distant cousin of Louis XVI, that’s why she gets all the help from the kings and have many ships at his disposal.
Family: (spouse? siblings?): She has one elder brother and one younger sister. Elder brother helps the father in business. The younger sister is good in studies and she is very much interested to read books. Engaged to the son of a noble from Lucerne. Currently her future husband is studying art at University of Vienna.
Social relations with your own and other classes (people you deal with or know about in the class, AND your opinions and feelings about them): Very friendly and social within the same social class but doesn’t want to mix up with people belonging to lower class.
Religion: Catholic, but not very religious; goes to church with family; doesn’t go alone
Education: Educated at home; not much but knows how to read and write and sometimes love to read and write poetry.
Languages you speak: French
Main privileges and/or hardships: Doesn’t has any hardship but has privileged life of consuming the best of everything
Portrait: (find one online and paste it in)
Unit 3
The Age of Exploration
China: A Missed Opportunity for Global Dominance
1. On what philosophical assumptions are the Hongwu emperor’s words and
actions based?
Zhu Yuanzhang, the Hongwu Emperor’s words were on the basis of the philosophy of authoritarianism. His rule was authoritarian and always used to warn people to behave, and to make them aware of the horrifying consequences if they disobeyed.
2. Do you think that his actions will solve the problems he refers to? Why or
why not?
Hongwu’s words were based on the principle and philosophy of Confucianism. Although Zhu Yuanzhang did not practice the philosophy of Confucianism in his life, yet he certainly preached its philosophy.
1. Does the emperor’s approach to solving the problem of evil behavior in this
excerpt differ from that in the first? If so, how?
Yes, his action certainly solved the problems for some time. However, too much control made Zhu Yuanzhang notorious among his people.
Hongwu’s words were based on the principle and philosophy of Confucianism. Although Zhu Yuanzhang did not practice the philosophy of Confucianism in his life, yet he certainly preached its philosophy.
As an official of Emperor, I certainly did not like the emperor’s repeated admonitions. Strict administration is good, but headmaster like approach to the subjects is not good.
4. The emperor clearly holds himself up as a model of self-restraint for his
officials to emulate. As an official, how would you take this?
I would have hated the king on this. As an official, I would have hated his admonitions when he himself had a number of concubines and consorts and fathered twenty-six sons and sixteen daughters.
5. Would your reaction be changed if you suddenly learned that the Hongwu
emperor had dozens of concubines and consorts, with whom he fathered
twenty-six sons and sixteen daughters?
My reaction would have changed certainly. This is the classic case of hypocrisy as he admonished his officials and subjects for the upliftment of character. But he himself had a number of consorts, which is certainly not pardonable.
What route might they have all taken? Describe it..
Coastal area of the North Sea -> English Channel -> sail by Portuguese coast -> sail by the coast of Africa, pass the cape of hope, head to Indian Ocean, reach Bay of Bengal, heard to the Strait of Malacca, to the north and get to china.
Sail to south once the ship reach the Mediterranean Sea, change direction to west, and arrive to the Atlantic coast of Kingdom of Empire
Doge of Venice: sail to italy's east coast and follows Byzantium’s way.
King of England: He would pass through the English channel, and follow Holy Roman Emperor’s way.
King of France: Sail to the south, follows the coast of the kingdom of Aragon till reach kingdom of Granada and then follow Byzantium’s way
King of Castille: After passing Kingdom of Granada, follow King of Castille’s way
King of Portugal: same as King of Castile.
Look carefully at the Yuan and Ming Dynasties and make some generalizations about China under those dynasties. Size? Change from previous dynasties? From your reading, make any observations you can about the two time periods.
SO, using your math skills, refer to the following map and figure out how big that new capital would be.
Population of the new capital would be 2500000 and its area would be 37,500 sq. km
The Forbidden City is now the Palace Museum, and is located at the centre of the map below:
Can you find the old city in the modern city? Where is it? What is there now?
The old city is within the three ring roads inside the modern city.
Create a chart with the following important information needed so we can keep track of everyone in the race
• Explorer's full name and country sponsoring the exploration
• Dates of voyage(s)
• Size of fleet
• And most importantly a summary of their (AND YOUR) discoveries/achievements and/or results of each journey. (I should see both positive AND negative results of their voyages!)
9:15 PM
just do this part
Despite the fact that the three Muslim Empires of the 14th century to the 16th century made significant contributions to the rest of the world, they could not dominate world affairs during this time because of the lack of leadership, absence of humanism, and internal conflicts within the Empires. . The period between 1300s to the 1700s, was considered as the Golden age for all the three Muslim Empires, the Ottoman Empire(current day Turkey), the Safavid Empire (current day Iran), and the Mughal Empire (current day India).All the three Muslim empires promoted art , but failed to flourish in the world . Lack of leadership was the main reason as Akbar’s successors failed to contribute to the empire. Jahangir left his wife to rule the country , while Shahjahan wasted the tax money in building tomb for his wife. Absebce of humanism was another reason for the fall of empire as they failed to treat other religious people fairly. They strongly believed in their religion and refused any new innovative thoughts. Another reason is internal conflict with in the empire, as both Suleiman and Shah Abbas, irrepctive of their achievement failed to flourish their kingdom, because of greed. Both the leaders of the Muslim empires made great achievements as a ruler, but they killed their brilliant heir fearing for their own down fall. Even Aurangzeb, did not give much liberty to the Hindus and gained hatred of them. Fratricide is another reason for the decline of the empire as the ruler failed to concentrate on empire duties, by leaving the whole power on his wife. This also lead to decline of empire. Not only that, they could not able to maintain order in their own kingdom because of conflict within like failure to give equal rights to the other religious people. They strictly followed the Islamic culture and failed to accept other religion. The Muslim Leaders did not leave great successors to continue on with the empires. Also, by limiting the religious beliefs of the people, the Empire gained less credit. Chaos within the government grew and the Muslim Empire ended without being able to spread their greatness.
Paragraph Writing: Using TEEEL Structure
Topic Sentence
This is the main idea that you want to make about the topic. It should state in one sentence what your paragraph is going to be about. E.g. While the Muslim empires of the 14th-16th centuries had significant impacts on the world, they never came to dominate as Europe will because... (remember "rule of 3")
Elaboration
Write one or two sentences explaining your topic sentence. E.g. location? time period?
Examples/Evidence
Explain specific evidence/examples for your 3 choices in your topic sentence.
Explanation/analysis
This is a crucial part of the paragraph which requires some thought. Here, you need to explain how the evidence/examples you provided support your main idea in the topic sentence. WHY did you choose these reasons over others? Give specific reasons AND how they explain the failure of the Muslim empires to achieve world dominance at that time.. E.g. Clearly the administrative methods used by some of the leaders of the Muslim Empires hurt their ability to rise to world dominance because...This should be about 4 sentences in length.
Link Sentence
This sentence summarizes your paragraph and links back to the main idea in the topic sentence. When writing an essay, the role of the this sentence is to link paragraph back to your thesis.
I believe that there should be a limit to our access of information so that the functioning of the government or even the society could run smoothly and not derailed due to unnecessary and dangerous information. Information is good in general helping us to know more but there should be limits to the same. For example, the terrorists are planning sabotage and the government has found that out and it is taking measures to destroy the plan and protect its citizens. Meanwhile, if the news of the terrorists’ plan is released to the public, it will instill fear and panic among the people which will lead to unrest and turmoil. Hence it is necessary for the access to information be limited. In addition, it is also important for the government to take all the crucial steps in protecting a country and if all the information about their activities are informed to the public, it is playing into hands of the enemies. There are certain things which should not be revealed to the public and therefore, there should be limits to access of information without a doubt.Moreover, information acquired freely may lead to misinformation questioning its credibility. More often than not, it leads to unfounded and baseless fear generated in the minds of the reader, pranks with no intent except to create panic.For instance, a false alarm or threat about a disaster, attack, etc may create unnecessary panic worldwide given the access to unlimited information. Not very long in the past, a widespread ‘prediction’ about the world coming to an end on a particular day, drove thousands of people searching for a cover; many started building underground bunkers and many more ran to the top of mountains to escape annihilation by yet another flood.
However, nothing happened; it just satisfied the warped up imagination of some prankster.The most dangerous part of unlimited information however, would be the threat to national and individual privacy. Of late, wikileaks is making great rounds, causing tension and headache to almost every political and banking system throughout the world. It has exposed some very secret dealings between governments, the range of political manipulation and corruption, and also the hypocrisy of many governments. The information may be true, but what it does is to destabilize and rattle international relationship between countries. On the private level of course, an individual’s right to privacy is violated; sometimes leading to tragedies that could well have been avoided. A classic example would be the untimely death of princess Diana, who was chased by the media to her death.
xParagraph Writing: Using TEEEL Structure
Topic Sentence
There should be a limit to our access to information, without limits
Elaboration
Write one or two sentences explaining your topic sentence. E.g. What was the Renaissance? What was happening in Europe?
Examples/Evidence
Provide at least two pieces of specific evidence that support your topic sentence. This is a good place to discuss key people and events that contributed to the Renaissance.This should be 2-3 sentences in length.
Explanation/analysis
This is a crucial part of the paragraph which requires some thought. Here, you need to explain how the evidence/examples you provided support your main idea in the topic sentence. This should be 2-4 sentences in length.
Link Sentence
This sentence summarizes your paragraph and links back to the main idea in the topic sentence. When writing an essay, the role of the this sentence is to link the paragraph back to your thesis.
Q:How did the Ottomans treat non-Muslims?
A:Ottomans rule was easy and they used to treat non-Muslims well except that non-Muslims had to pay taxes. However, they did not have to serve in the army.
Q:What were Suleyman's major accomplishments?
A: Under Suleyman’s rule, Ottoman Empire became the greatest in size. Suleyman ruled through a higjhlys structured government.
Q: Despite their brilliant rule, what critical mistake did Suleiman and Shah Abbas make?
A: Suleiman and Shah Abbas both killed or injured their sons for the fear of any kind of revolt. The result was the rule under weaker grandsons that ultimately led to the decline of Ottoman empire.
Q: What evidence of cultural blending can you find in Akbar's rule?
A: Akbar had Hindu wives and government servants. He allowed them to practice religion of their choice and did not force them to embrace Islam. Besides that, he abolished the tax that Hindus had to pay and introduced tax based on the agriculture produce.
Q: How did Akbar's successors contribute to the end of the Mughal Empire?
A: His successors were not like him. His son, Jahangir was in control of his wife. Jahangir’s grandson Aurangzeb suppressed Hindus resulting to widespread revolts.
The dark ages started with the culmination of Roman Empire by sixth century. It continued for almost a millennium and ended by the rise of Renaissance in 14th century. The dark ages saw difficult feudal structure where nobles exploited the peasants and peasants toiled from sunrise till sunset for a patch of land but they used to live in penury. This coupled with the invasion of barbaric races and spread of epidemics like plague made the social and economic condition miserable. However Renaissance gave the much needed boost to Europe as the advent of printing press and advancement in science and technology made Europeans ahead of the people belonging to other parts of the world. Moreover the colonialism by European powers and freedom of religion from the church created the much needed impetus to Europeans to stand ahead and be the leaders of the world.
Scientific Revolution Questions
1. What were the CAUSES of the Scientific Revolution? Which one do you think is MOST significant AND WHY?
The most important cause for scientific revolution at the initial stages would be the renaissance; the period when thinking, logic, and questioning of religion had an impact.The victorian reasoning led to challenging of many concepts and laid foundation to greater inventions. However, the electronic media would be what we can call the greatest scietific revolution of the 20th century.
2. Why might those in positions of authority at the time (Church and government) tend to reject new ideas?
The church has always averse to questioning, thinking, and challenges. This is mainly due to fear; the fear of being proved wrong and thus weakening the churches' hold on people. A good example would be the rejection of Galileo's theory that the world is round; the church wouldnt accept it. And. the theory of Darwin further unsettled the theory of creation . These are the reasons for the church to reject creative thinking.
3. Do you agree with Galileo's actions during his trial? Explain.
4. Make a list of the major figures of this revolution in thinking and what they did?
Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, and Halle
5. Explain the significance of these terms:
Geocentric Theory - A Geocentric theory is an astronomical theory which describes the universe as a Geocentric system, i.e., a system which puts the Earth in the center of the universe, and describes other objects from the point of view of the Earth.
Heliocentric Theory - The conclusion that the "Earth circles the Sun," was reached and publicized by Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, and Halley. This is the "heliocentric theory."
Scientific Revolution - "Scientific Revolution" refers to historical changes in thought & belief, to changes in social & institutional organization, that unfolded in Europe between roughly 1550-1700.
Scientific method - The scientific method is a series of steps scientists take to acquire, test, and describe the natural world.
Opening of the European Mind
Renaissance is symbolic of a change in the minds of the European people in terms of culture, social, literary and political development. Ranging between the 14th and 17th centuries, Renaissance is looked upon as a bridge between the Middle Age and the Modern Era. This was the time of change in every field towards development.As opposed to the Middle Age belief that life was journey to suffer through, Renaissance instilled an attitude of ‘Live for Today’. Niccolo Machiavelli, considered the inventor of modern politics, for instance, emphasized on his theory about what made a strong ruler. In English literature we come across the name of Sir Francis Bacon for his famous ‘Esssay’, one of them being ‘The Advancement of Learning’. Among the playwrights Shakespeare dominated the stage where he showed the reflection of society. The books became cheaper and, therefore, more accessible for general public to read. Renaissance was a period of total change. People had the desire to think beyond the usual. Artists put their best foot forward. ‘Mona Lisa’ by Leonardo da Vinci is a master piece of Renaissance and world art. Protesters like Martin Luther and John Calvin came aggressively to bring about change in the mindset of commoners who until now were dominated by the Catholic Church. Social, political, economic, cultural and philosophical changes are , thus, the synonymous names of Renaissance.
Sept 21st
This is on the wrong page: should be in Asian Studies...I think.
Sep 6th
Aug 31st
Why Europe gains dominance
The dominance of Europe over the world started with the advent of Renaissance in 14th century. The renaissance brought the resurgence of science, art, religion and politics. Religion became free from church and science and technology saw unprecedented growth. Due to this, printing press and the advanced naval fleet gave Europe the impetus to rule the world. The culmination was the spread of colonialism by the European powers.
Aug 30th Tuesday
1. Renaissance means the rebirth or the revival of art, literature, and cultural changes that affects both the lifestyle and the architecture of the period. Italy helped in creating Renaissance as primarily it began as a movement at the in intellectual level where the Humanists sought the re-birth of the classical culture. This movement started in Florence as it was the place which had the greatest wealth that is of education so artists went in large numbers to Florence to establish themselves. This was the period when Italy experienced the highest artistic activity as great artists like Sandro Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, and Michelangelo Buonorrotti settled in Italy with the help of the Medici family so it is also believed that the Medici family was the main influential people in the establishment of Renaissance in Italy.
2. The Medici family was the wealthiest family in Florence in the 15th century and at that time it was a status symbol to promote and commission art. The family used their wealth to compete in the promotion of art and gain the prestige in the society. They became the chief patrons in that era and influenced the cultural and social changes, which brought in the Renaissance and made Italy the birth place of the Renaissance period. The Uffizi Gallery situated in Florence is the proof to verify this fact that the Medici family not only used their wealth to gain more wealth but also utilized it to to exercise power and establish their influence on the whole society. It is said that the Medici family were the main patronage for Galileo.
3. Humanism was the basic influence behind the beginning of the Renaissance as it was the humanistic ideas that opposed the religious beliefs and lead to the revival or the rebirth of the new period. Humanism gave the freedom to the people to utilize their discretion and options in place of blindly following the religious bindings. This led to the veneration of the artists from the religious sphere to the other spheres of life and increased the territory of expressing their artistic insight into other fields. This change also encouraged them to accept agnosticism, deism, and atheism, which was not taken into consideration before the Renaissance period. The leading intellectual trait of the era was the recovery, to a certain degree, of the secular and humane philosophy of Greece and Rome. Another humanist trend which cannot be ignored was the rebirth of individualism, which was developed by Greece and Rome to a remarkable degree but had been suppressed by the rise of a caste system in the later Roman Empire, by the Church and by feudalism in the Middle Ages. Thus Humanism was the main influence in Renaissance.
4.During the Renaissance, the upper class and the church leaders intended to show of their wealth, therefore they patronized varied forms of art. On the other hand the artisans who are economically weak have had immense support on the same context. However, the communities were developed by the elite men and they wanted to beautify their society through arts. Hence, many artisans have emerged during the well established times of renaissance.
5. Men and women of upper-class were valued with their physical features during Renaissance. However, women is considered above men in terms of beauty, where are men for their judgement and supremacy. Women were largely denoted for their chastity, modesty, humility, constancy, and temperance. It is also deemed that the condition of women is almost opposite during renaissance when it is compared to men.
Women were not free to enjoy the privileges of the society as citizens, but men were authoritative in constitutional matters.
The ideal person of the Renaissance must have the qualities individuality. The Courtier women usually lacked the creativity of men when working on art pieces. I thus think that the Renaissance seemed to favour men. This is evident in the document, The Courier, “...above all things avoiding ostentation and that impudent self-praise...” This emphasizes the avoidance of self praise and highlighted the individual.The Courtier goes on to list qualities of being gentle, modest, noble and classy as a reflection of their education and status in society.
Aug 13th
Aug 12th
1. In section 1, Heretical Beliefs, the historian gives his account of a historical event. What is happening to Hogsflesh? What is the historian's “story” or main point of the article?
The historical event mentioned was John Hogsflesh renouncing that Virgin Mary need not be honored as Christ was not born at Eucharist. With this Hogsflesh has to confront the priests animosity. Eventually, the church has decreed that Hogsflesh should carry faggot, all the time when processions at Chichester Cathedral happens, as a symbol of penance. The main point is Hogsflesh beliefs on heresay have been declined.
- 2. What are the roles of a historian defined by John Arnold? Do you agree or disagree with his assumptions? Can you think of any other roles?
John Arnold defines the roles of historians vest in compiling the data, events, and facts chronologically. Besides this they collect the sources that acclaim fidelity and which have lacuna that are incomplete or contradictory. I agree with his assumptions as historians mostly depend on evidences and sources that form a base to the future generations. Also, historians should examine the source's reliability and readability before confirming and referring them.- 3. What is meant by “treat(ing) their sources with fidelity?” Remember to put your response in your own words. Why is it important to remember this when reading historical references?
Fidelity in general validating the sources or continuing loyalty to the source or belief with exactness. This is important while coupling the historical evidence since, the history that is evident should pass the test of accountability of the historians. Also, the history should be coupled with references that link of with chronological events.- 4. How can a single event be interpreted in more than one way? Can you think of an event in your life that historians could interpret with differing points of view?
From the Heretical belief of Hogsflesh, historians have interpreted in three ways that relates to the refute of his belief on Virgin Mary. The first one being, religious transformation during Henry VIII, secondly the trails levied on controlling the religious system through penance, and the living standards of people during the early English age. An important event that historians could decipher the meaning in different views is marriage. Through which historians can connote the different ways to express how tradition and culture were emphasized during ceremonies.- 5. Talk to a family member or friend about something that happened to you both a long time ago. Examine how you both remember the incident and write about it. With that in mind, when attaching meaning to history, is it possible for a historian to be completely objective? Use examples from the incident you just discussed to reinforce your response.
Historians need a good source to interpret the meaning of the foregone days. For example, if my mom and me went on shopping, the prices would surprise her and she exaggerate that the items were expensive though they were reasonable to the standards of the place and people. The historian can take the objective of price and how goods are rated during that particular time to record the changes that happens.- 6. What problems may arise when historians practice subjective history? In what ways may subjective history be beneficial to the study of history? Think back to the incident you just discussed with your family member or friend. Why did it make sense for you to remember the event the way you did and for the other person to remember it the way he or she did? What does this tell us about history?
Historians practice subjective history as the line of argument should reinforce the available evidence and changes the time periods have gone through. This is beneficial as the reality would be highlighted compared to mere assumptions. The example that mentioned would be iterating in many instances and force the historians to make note if it was worthy. This reveals the mannerisms and social living of humans in pages of history.- 7. Why is every historian "a storyteller?" If all historians are storytellers and there are myriad versions of every story, can we trust historians? Why or why not?
History brings into meaning of evolution and coherence in human existence with a series of events, facts and evidence. All these are presented through historians synthesis of information. Hence every historian is a storyteller. Every historian has sources,evidences and a myriad of story to tell.However, each historian assumptions are based on single fact that erupts from time facts. With this we can trust historians who see the drastic changes of society.- 8. How did your view of history and historians change based on this reading? How will you approach history now that you have explored these views?
The view towards history and historians were comprehended intellectually through this article. The approach to history needs, a choice of histories, the subjective and objective nature of the instances and the line of arguments that form a strong bases are important. All this in a nut shell will impact the meaning and action of historians.